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The Stokes parameters are a set of values that describe the polarization state of electromagnetic radiation. They were defined by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851, as a mathematically convenient alternative to the more common description of incoherent or partially polarized radiation in terms of its total intensity (I), (fractional) degree of polarization (p), and the shape parameters of the polarization ellipse. The effect of an optical system on the polarization of light can be determined by constructing the Stokes vector for the input light and applying Mueller calculus, to obtain the Stokes vector of the light leaving the system. They can be determined from directly observable phenomena. The original Stokes paper was discovered independently by Francis Perrin in 1942 and by Subrahamanyan Chandrasekhar in 1947, who named it as the Stokes parameters.

Me Again is the third album from Christian recording artist Jill Parr, and the first album on the label Whiplash Records. Though Whiplash is an independent label, started by Jill and her husband Brian, her first single, \"Reach\" has been released to Christian radio stations everywhere; it peaked at #14 on Christian CHR charts. Me Again's second single, \"The New Normal\", was released to Christian radio on August 27, 2007, but it did not chart.

IRAS 13218+0552 known as SFRS 263, is a galaxy merger located in the Virgo constellation. Its redshift is 0.202806, putting the object at 2.6 billion light-years away from Earth. It is a Seyfert galaxy and a luminous infrared galaxy.